ZO MINAMTE SUNGAH KI-UKNA LEH GAM LEH NAM KEPBITNA
Kham Khan Suan Hausing*
Thumasa
Zo minam tawh kisai a kigen ciangin a kigen mun mahmah thu pawl khat pen: gam kician nei-in minam khat ahi, ki-ukna tuam liuliau nei-in, gam leh minam kepcing a ut den cihte ahi hi. Gam leh nam kepcing ding i hanciam lai takin i gam leh minam damdamin hong kikhenkham a, i gam i leitang taktak cih ding hong tawm semsem bang hi. Hih bang kawmkalah pawl khatte ngaihsutna panin i gam leh minam i kepbit zawhna dingin tangkum pek panin i neihsa Hausa ki-ukna i phungvuh kul ding hi. Pawl khat leuleu in Sixth Schedule i ngah ciangin gam leh minam kikembit zo ding ci-in ngaihsun uh a, pawl khat leuleu in Autonomous Hill State i neih ciang bekin kikembit zo ding hi cih ngaihsun uh hi. Hih thului sungah hih bang ngaihsutnate sau lo ciatin kikumsukin kei ngaihsutna ka hong sung nuam hi.
Hausa leh ukpi vaihawmna, gam leh minam kepbitna
Zo minamte sungah Hausa ki-ukna cik hun panin kinei hiam cih a kitel lian loh hangin Hausa ukna nuai-ah sawtpi mah ki-om khin ta hi cih khang tangthu pawl khat panin kimu thei hi. Manipur gam Ukpite' tangthu kikhumna, Cheitharol Kumbaba (Royal Chronicles), ah A.D kum zalom khatna (first century AD) hunin Hausa kician na om khin zo hi ci-in na kiciamteh hi. A tangpi-in Hausa i cihte pen khuasat masate bek hi loin, khuamite a khualzo, gal leh sa panin a humbit zo, thukhual leh mihangsante ahi uh hi. Vai khatpeuhah khuasung Upate tawh thukihualin na vaihawm khawm den uh hi. Hausate sung panin Ukpite hong khangin kum zalom 18 leh 19 ciangin khua tampi tungah hong mang uh hi. Mikang gamkeekte laigelhna panin ei sungah Haokip, Guite, Sailo leh Sukte beh sung panin Ukpi minthang pawl khatte thu na kiciamteh hi. Hih Ukpite in i gam humbit ding na hanciam uh a, tangpi-tangta uk leh huaikhopna dingin a poimawh mahmah Upadi kician na khung uh hi. Mikang gamkeekte in i Ukpite uh kum zalom 19 bei dek kuanin hong opkhum uh a, ahih hangin phaizang gamte ah a kizang thukham (law) bek hi loin phaizang panin khamtung gam-ah mite paisuk paitohna ukna dingin Eastern Bengal Regulation,1873 (Inner Line Regulation) bawl hi. Zo minamte teen’na khamtung gam tengah a kizang ding upadi kician mahmah Chin Hills Regulations, 1896 hong khunsak uh hi. Hih Upadi in tang kum hun lai pek panin i zat uh i ngeina leh ciin’ dante hong kipsak a, tu ni dongin i ki-ukna sutpi poimawh mahmah khat hong suak hi.
Mikang gamkeekte in kum zalom 20 bul panin gamgi lai (boundary paper kici) Hausate’ tungah hawm hong kipan uh hi. Phaizang gam-ah a kizang thukhamte (laws) khamtung gam-ah a kizat lohna dingin 1919 in khamtung gam teng 'backward tract' ci-in ciamteh uh a, 1935 leuleu ciangin 'partially excluded areas and excluded areas' ci in hong khen kik leuleu uh hi. Hih bangin a tuam liuliau in a gam hong ciamteh/khen uh ciangin India ah State Innpi (Legislature) te'n khamtung gam thute ah thukham bawl theihna nei lo a, India ah Governor-General khut sungah ki-ap cihna hi. India in suahtakna a ngah ma-in Manipur gam in upadi (constitution) bawl a, tua sungah khamtung gam mite ukna dingin a tuam liuliau Manipur State Hill (Administration) Regulation, 1947 kici na khung hi. Hih Regulation in khamtung gam sungah hausa ki-ukna, ngeina leh ciin’ dante na kipsak hi. Manipur in India 1948 in zom a, a sawt loin India Innpi (Parliament) in khamtung gam-ah a kizang ding Manipur Village Authority (Hill Areas) Act, 1955 hong bawlsak hi. Hih Act nuai-ah Hausa ki-ukna mipite’ deihna leh thukham bupi (upadi) siksanin kilaih a (constitutional democracy), hausa hih theihna dingin a tawm pen in khua khatah siah pia inn 20 a om ding kisam sak hi.
India leilu-suahlamna (northeast) lam khamtung gam-ah Sixth Schedule kici tualsung kivaipuakna 1952 panin a kizat hangin Manipur ah tua bang tualsung kivaipuakna kizang lo a, India Innpi in 1971 in Manipur (Hill Areas) District Councils Act thukham na bawl a, 1973 panin Manipur khamtung gam tengah tualsung kivaipuakna a tuam liuliau kizang hi. Hih 1971 Act nuai-ah District Council guk om a, tuate in tualsung kivaipuakna ah thuneihna nei zek hi. Ahi zongin hukham (legislative) bawl theihna leh thukhen (judicial) theihna nei lo hi. Hausa tawh kisai-in a ngaihsutna kum thei bek a(advisory role), thuneihna taktak nei lo hi.
Hih thu hang mah hi ding hi ven Hausa pawl khatin District Council te'n gam nei lo koi-ah bangci vaihawm ding hiam cih ngaihsutna nei uh hi. 2000 pawlin Chief Union, Manipur kicite in Hausate thuneihna nakpi takin tangkopih uh a, khua leh tui, gam leh lo ah thuneihna tawpkhawk a nei zahin ngaihsun uh hi. Hih bang ngaihsutna B.S. Carey leh H.N Truck in a laibu gelh uh The Chin Hills kici ah na gen kha uh hi. Amau muhna panin Chin Hills ah hausa pawlkhatte 'Leitang /gam tungah Mang' ('Lords of the soil') uh hi. Hausa leh Ukpi pawl khatin hih bang thu a neih uh hangin pawl khat leuleu in tangpi-tangta deihna leh ngaihsutna tawh kituakin ukin, vaihawm uh hi ci-in Carey leh Tuck in tua laibu mah ah kitel takin na gen uh hi. Chief Union, Manipur leh mi pawl khat in Carey leh Truck ngaihsutna nam nihte gel la khawm loin, a masa pen nakpi takin pulak uh hi. Hih banga ngaihsutna-in Hausate pen gam leh lo tungah thuneihna khempeuh (ultimate ownership right) a nei bangin ngaihsun uh hi. Ahi zongin hih ngaihsutna man khin lo hi. Hausa khatin a thuneihna amah leh a innkuanpihte' angsung khualna bekin zangin khua leh tui ading a ngaihsut kei leh a thuneihna zangkhial ding hi. Hausate in gam leh lo a neih hangin khua leh tui phattuamna dingin a kem, a cing (custodian) hi den zaw hi cih i theih ding deih huai hi. Hih pen India nuai-ah thukham tawh a kituak zaw ngaihsutna bek hi loin, tu hun (mipi deihna tawh kituak vaihawm) tawh a kituak ngaihsutna hi zaw hi.
Kum 1956 panin a kizui Manipur (Hill Areas) Village Authority Act, 1955 lim ta in en le'ng Hausate’ thuneihna kicianin kitel ding hi. Mi khat khua khat 'Hausa' ahih theihna dingin State in a san’/kipsak masak phot kul a, tua bang a hih theihna dingin siah pia a tawm pen inn 20 a om kul hi. Khua khatah inn 20 a phak zawh kei leh District Council in District Commissioner kiangah 'Hausa' phiat dingin ngaihsutna pia (recommend) thei hi. Hausa pen a kiluahsuk za ahih hangin State in a san’/kipsak (recognise) mateng thuneihna leh hamphatna taktak ngah thei lo hi. 1956 Act deihna bangin Hausa khatin khua leh tui vai khatpeuhpeuh ama deihna bang bekin vaihawm lo ding a, mipi deihna tawh a kiteel taangmi/upate' thuhilhna/deihna bangin vaihawm zawk ding ahi hi. Hih pen mangkam kawm pak le’ng, 'constitutional democracy' (upadi/thukham tawh kituakin mipi deihna banga vaihawmna) sutpi thupi mahmah khat ahi hi. Hausate in a Hausa za uh leh thuneihna uh khuamite tawh neikhawm hi cih i theih ding a poimawh mahmah thu ahi hi. Tua hi loin amau mimal sung bekah i piak bawl lai teng mipite in khua leh tui tawh kisai awlmawhna leh kineihsakna (concern and sense of ownership) nei thei ngei lo dinga, khua sung nuntakna a cidamhuai loh banah, khantohna kician taktak om thei lo ding hi.
A diakdiakin khamtung gam mite adingin khua sung ki-ukna (village authority) pen khawk sung (district) ki-ukna sutpi poimawh mahmah khat hi a, State theihpihna tawh Hausa leh Village Authority (Council)-te State' palai poimawh mahmah hong suak uh hi. Hausate pen State pualam ah om danin a kigengen uh hangin India leh State vaihawmna-ah sutpi poimawh mahmah ahi uh hi. Khawk khat sunga Ulian pen (District Commissioner) ahih kei leh State Governor mah bangin amaute pen State' khutzat (agent) poimawh mahmah ahi uh hi. Constitutional democracy ah hih uliante in amau thu bek tawh vaihawm thei lo a, mipi deihna tawh a kiteel taangmite' (representatives) ngaihsutna piak bangbangin a vaihawm peelmawh ding uh ahi hi.
Tua ahih manin Hausa ki-ukna nuai-ah i gam leh leitang a kip zo ding hiam? Hausate in khua satin, khua a nei masa a bat hangun tangpi-tangta adingin a kep, a cin’ ding uh ahi hi. Tua bek hi loin State' khutzat muanhuai hong hita uh ahih manin State' kisap leh deihna banga thuneihna a zat ding uh zong kisam hi. India thukham bupi Seventh Schedule ah List 1, Entry 53 leh 54 khawng en lehang lei nuai-a suangmanpha leh sum piangte (natural resources) pen 'national interest' zangin Centre/State in a ut bangin zang thei ding hi cih ahi hi. Hih pen mikang pau kawm kik lehang 'eminent domain' kici a, State in ama kisap leh deihna tawh kituakin leitang tungah thuneihna tawpkhong nei hi. Nagaland in India thukham bupi nuai Article 371A ah gam leh leitang panin a piangte (land and its resources) tungah thuneihna tuam liuliau nei ahih manin hih 'eminent domain' India in Nagaland tungah zang thei lo hi kici hi. Ahi zongin hih zong damdamin khiamsak ding a vaihawm pawl om hi. Tua ahih manin i gam leh leitang pen Hausa leh Sixth Schedule hiam Autonomous State hiam i mu phial zongin, Nagalandte’ aa dan pian khat i neih ciangin kip zaw deuh ding a, tua zong kip den ding cih thu om lo lai hi.
Sixth Schedule, Autonomous Hill State leh gam leh leitang bitna
Sixth Schedule cih kammal i lawh ciangin India thukham bupi nuai-a khenpi 12te lakah a gukna hi a, Naga minamte in a tuam liuliau in a ki-ukna a nget uh tawh a kituak dinga kingaihsun ahi hi. Ahi zongin Naga National Council te’n a nolh uh ciangin Assam sungah a om khamtung gam mite: Karbi, Cachari, Khasi-Jaintia-Garo, leh Lushai (tu-in Mizo)-te adingin 1952 panin kipia hi. Hih Schedule Chakma, Lai leh Mara-te 1973 in kipia a, 1985 ciangin Tripura khamtung gam mite kipia-in, 2003 ciangin Assam phaizang a teng Bodo mite kipia. Hih Schedule in Hausa ki-ukna tungah khawk (district) ki-ukna pia a, khawk khatah tangmi 22 pan 40 a kiteelte in thuneihna hih a tallang diak teng nei hi: Hausa za kiluahna leh Hausa thak kipsakna (appointment), gam leh leitang hawmna, luahna leh zatna, kiten-kimakna, neih leh lam tawh kisai, khawk sungah siah kaihna, ngeina leh ciin’ dante tawh kisai ahi hi.
Autonomous Hill State (AHS) i cih pen 2013 pawl pan United People's Front (UPF) kici Manipur khamtung gam Zomi, Kuki leh Hmar nam min a zang thautawi pawlte tung panin ngaihsutna ahi hi. Hih bang ngaihsutna pen Meghalaya-te zatna panin kilakhia hileh kilawm hi. Meghalaya in Assam tung panin State cingtaak a ngah ma-in Autonomous State kici India thukham bupi Article 244A nuai-ah 1969-71 sung na om hi. UPF-te ngaihsutna panin AHS in Manipur State gam pumkhatna su kha loin khamtung gamte adingin thuneihna leh a tuam liuliau ki-ukna pia-in, mi khempeuh in zong sang thei zaw ding hi. State tuam liuliau a bawl lian loh hangin, AHS in thukham bawl theihna, sum zeekna leh thukhensat theihna lianpi pia dingin UPF in ngaihsun hi. Hih bang thuneihna in gam leh leitang, ngeina leh hihna kembit zo dingin zong ngaihsun hi. Nagalim leh Kukiland a ngente in AHS ngetna tawh kisai bangci ngaihsut uh hiam cih gen khia ngei lo uh hi; mailam hunah sang thei ding uh hiam cih zong bangmah kithei lo hi.
Autonomous State cih pen Meghalaya in State mu ding hi cih a kitel khit, a ngakna danin a kingaihsun hi a, India thukham bupi nuai-ah a kip/kho taktak dingin kingaihsun ngei lo hi. AHS ngetna in a beisa hun sung khempeuh Manipur khamtung gam-ah Sixth Schedule, Separate Administration, Union Territory, Alternative Arrangement, Nagalim leh Kukiland kici ngetna om khinsate sangin a kitel zaw ki-ukna hong lui khia a, India thukham bupi deihna bangin State khat sungah thuneihna lian zaw bangci om theih ding hiam cih ngaihsutna hong pia hi.
Manipur khamtung gam-ah Sixth Schedule leh AHS-te om leh tu lai takin a kizang ki-ukna sangin thuneihna lian zaw ding hi. Ahi zongin i phawk ding thu pawl khat om hi. Sixth Schedule nuai-ah Autonomous District Council (ADC) in gam leh leitang neihna, luahna leh zatna (land ownership, occupation and use) tungah thu a neih hangin Supreme Court in District Council of United Khasi and Jaintia Hills and Ors etc Vs Sitimon Sawain etc Case, 1971 a thukhensatna ah ADC i gam leh lo neih kilaihna (transfer of land) ah thu nei lo ding hi, na ci hi. Meghalaya in Autonomous State a ngahna dingin Assam Reorganisation (Meghalaya) Act 1969 kibawl a, tua tungtawnin Sixth Schedule ah Paragraph 21A kikhumlut hi. Hih Paragraph in Sixth Schedule nuai-ah ADC leh Regional Council te'n State bangin gam leh lo neih laihna dingin (transfer of land) thukham bawl theihna (plenary power) nei lo ding hi. Hih tawh kituakin State leh ADC-te' bawl thukhamte a kikalh peuhpeuh ciangin State in a bawl hukhamte in vangliatna nei zaw a, tuate kizang zaw ding hi cih ahi hi. Sixth Schedule nuai-ah sum zeek theihna tawmkhat a om hangin State in a bawl budget pen ADC te'n a zeek ding ahih manin State tungah nakpi takin kinga uh hi. Bodoland khawng ah budget a tuam liuliau kibawlsak a, State in a ut bangin sum hei khia thei loin, khawk sung ki-ukna ah sum zeekna nuam tuam hi kici hi. Hih thu hang mahin tu nai diakin Mizogam ah Chakma, Mara leh Lai ADC te'n Bodoland bangin amau zong State nuai-ah a tuam liuliau budget bek tham loin Centre panin huhna State tawn lo-in tangtak a pai theihna ding nakpi takin nawkin na ngen uh hi.
Thukhupna: Kikup ding leh ngaihsut ding
Zo minam sungah ki-ukna leh ki-uk zia ding tawh kisai kigen kiaukiau ta a, lungdamhuai hi. 1980s pawl Zomi National Congress a hat hun lai-in Zogam in Union Territory (UT) nget ding, UT ngah ciangin vanleng (helicopter) panin zawngtah kilo ding hi, cih nakpi takin na kitangko ngei a, a piang zo dingin a um zong tampi mah na om hih tuak hi. 1990s ciangin Sixth Schedule a delh pawl om kik a, ahi zongin deih bangin hat zo lo hi. 2000s hun ciangin 'separate administration' leh AHS kidelh leuleu a, khamtung gam mite ngetna tawmkhat kitel zaw deuh ta hi. Hihte i buaipih kawmin ei sungah thuneu bang napi-in thulian mahmah pawl khat i etphat leh puahphat ding om hi.
Khatna ah, i gam ah policy/project tampi [gentehna in Sarvya Siksha Abhiyan (SSA), Madhymik Siksha Abhiyan (MSA), MNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act ), Public Distribution System hong luan’ tawh kituakin Hausate hong poimawh semsem ding bang hi. SSA pen India in 2009 panin kum 14 nuai lamte siamsinna a man bei-in piak ding, cih a ngimna tawh kituakin policy a kibawl hi a, hih nuai-ah kumpi (Government) sanginn ah a kah sangnaupangte puansilh leh laibu a manbei in kipia hi. Sunsiah zong puak kul nawn lo a, sanginn ah a manbei mahin kipiakna dingin sum a kicingin Centre panin sum hong pai den hi. Banaras Hindu University ah sangsia ka sep lai-in National Service Scheme kici ah Programme Officer in ka sem kha hi. NSS nuai-ah ka sangnaupang 50-te tawh Varanasi kiang Ambedkar Village Project nuai-ah om khuata pawl khatah SSA bangci in kisem khia hiam cih ka va en khia uh hi. Hih sanginn a kahte in puan leh laibu bek tham loin nipi kal khat sung a nek a dawn ding uh sun an leh meh tawh lim takin kivak hi. Hihte in sangnaupangte’ sanhinn kah tawmkhat tha lawpsak hi cih ka mu khia uh hi. Zogam ah hih bangte khua bang zah-ah i zang thei ta hiam?
Hausate dinmun Manipur (Hill Areas) Village Authority Act, 1955 ah kitel takin a kigelh hangin Hausa pawl khatin thuneihna tawpkhong a nei kisa in, khua leh tuite amau ut bangbangin uk leh pei a sawm tampi mah om lai hi. Hausa a uisan pha diak leh angsung ding bek a khual pha diak pawl khatin khuamite ngah dingin a hong pai sum leh van tampi tak a khenkhiat khit uh ciangin khuamite tungah a khatehneng teng bek a pia pawl om lai hi. Hausa pawl khat leuleu in khua sung leh gam sung panin a piang singkung leh theite tung panin siah za ah sawmnga pai a kai zong om lai ta zen hi. Hih bang thu san’ theih ding hilo a, manlang takin en pha, puahpha-in a pai ding bangbang leh ngah dding bangin i paisak leh ngahsak ding ahi hi.
Nihna ah, tu lai takin Manipur khamtung gam-ah i neih ki-ukna pen a sia lua hi pah lo a, tawm bawlpha in Sixth Schedule ah laihto zo le'ng deihhuai mahmah ding hi. India thukham bupi nuai-ah kizang Sixth Schedule sungah tu lai takin Bodo minamte thu nei penpen hi. Ahi zongin Bodoland ah Bodo minamte in Bodo ahi lo khamtung mite adingin za (elected position) deih bangin hawm lo ahih manin Bodo ahi lo minam dangte in thu nei zo lo uh hi. Bodo minamte phukkhak bang i tuah lohna dingin ei sungah paubing tawm cikcikte zong aw i neihsak ding, thuneihna za i hawm siam ding hong kisam ding hi.
Thumna ah, Sixth Schedule bek tawh gam kikem bit zo lo ding ahih manin Nagaland state in neih bang Article 371A lunggulh huai mahmah hi. AHS i ngah phial zongin Article 371A dan pian i neih kei leh i gam leh leitang kikembit zo tuan lo ding hi. Sanggam Mizo te'n Nagate neih bang a deih mahmah uh hangin ngah zo lo uh a, mailam State kibawl dingte zong a ngah ding baih lo ding hi cih i theih ding zong poimawh hi. Hih bang hamphatna tuam tawh a kinai pen i ngah theihna dingin Manipur khamtung gam in tu lai takin a neih Article 371C sungah thuneihna behlap kul ding hi. Manipur State in vai khatpeuhpeuh khamtung gam mite tawh kisai a vaan ciangin Hill Areas Committee kici taangmi (MLA) 19 i neihte ngaihsut a dot peelmawh ding, thu a mop theih ding bek hi loin a thumopte uh Manipur State in a nolh theih lohna dingun i kipsak ding kisam ding hi. Hih thu nakpi takin i kisapna tu nai diakin hong kilang hi. Tua bang thuneihna lian zaw a nei khin hi lehang Manipur Innpi in August 31, 2015 in bill thum a bawlte paisuak thei lo ding hi. Tua bill thumte : Protection of Manipur People Bill, Manipur Shops and Establishments (Second Amendment) Bill and Manipur Land Revenue and Land Reform (MLR&LR) (Seventh Amendment) Bill ahi hi.
A lina leh a tawpna ah, kuamah hong opkhum loh gam i neih mateng thuneihna tawpkhong kinei zo ngei lo ding hi. Tua bang a om theihna dingin Manipur ah om Zomi, Kuki, Hmar a kicite i kipumkhat mahmah ding kisam a, ahizongin ei teng bek kipumkhatna kicing zo lo lai ding hi. Mizogam, Chin Hills leh Chittagong Hills ah om i sanggamte tawh kizomin, i kipumkhat taktak ciang bekin gam leh thuneihna cingtaak taktak kinei pan ding hi. Hih pen Zo minamte adingin i sunmang hi lai ahih ahih manin tu lai takin i neih gam, leitang leh ki-uknate puahin, mipi deihna tawh kituakin kipumkhatna tawh vaihawm lehang i gam leh minam khangto in hong cidam ding hi.
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*Hih thului YPA, New Delhi te’n magazine a bawl uh, Phattuamngaihna phatuam (2016), pp.38-42 ah kisuah masa hi. Laigelhpa tu lai takin Professor leh Head of Department, Department of Political Science, University of Hyderabad, PO Central University, Hyderabad 500046 a sep laitak ahi hi. 2004-2012 sung Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi ah Assistant Professor a sep khit ciangin Hyderabad ah 31 August 2012 panin Associate Professor sep kipan a, 31 August 2015 panin Professor in a za khang hi. Zomite sungpan fully fledged Professor ngahte sung panin a naupangpen bek hilo in, tua hunlai in India ah Social Science ah Professor a ngah laitak a naupang pen pawl hi ding hi. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA ah Fulbright-Nehru Postdoctoral Research Fellowship, 2012-13 in va zo hi. Leverhulme International Network Project on ‘Change and Continuity in Indian Federalism’ kici UK (Edinburgh, Bristol, Nottingham) leh Indian Universities thum (Delhi, Hyderabad, Burdwan) tuak a kihelna ah co-researcher hihna tawh 2014-2017 sung sem hi. ICSSR-IMPRESS major research project, ‘Asymmetric autonomy and the politics of accommodation in Northeast India’ ah Project Director hihna tawh research 2019-2021 a bawl laitak hi. Asia, Australia, Europe leh North America pansanin journal min nei 14 ah peer-reviewer/referee in kicial khin ta a, ama’ gelh thului tuamtuam Asia, Europe leh North America panin a kihawmkhia journal min nei tuamtuam panin kisuah khin hi. India sungah newspaper min nei Livemint, The Indian Express, The Hindu, leh The Statesman ah a thugelh pawlkhat kisuah khin hi. Tu lai takin a zi, tanu nih leh tapa tawh Hyderabad, India ah teng uh hi. Email: <This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., personal="" website:="" https://uohyd.academia.edu/khamkhansuanhausing"">